For decades, Sweden was known as one of Europe’s most welcoming countries for refugees. It took pride in pursuing one of Europe’s most generous asylum policies, and often presented itself as a humanitarian role model.

But today it has one of the continent’s most restrictive migration policies. That transformation has taken little more than a decade.

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For more than two decades, Charis E. Kubrin has followed the data wherever it leads. As UC Irvine Chancellor’s Professor of Criminology, Law and Society, she has built a career studying one of America’s most politically charged questions: does immigration drive crime?

Now, in one of the most geographically detailed studies of its kind ever conducted, Kubrin and colleagues have an answer.

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In the wake of the Sept. 11, 2001, attacks, the PATRIOT Act and the Homeland Security Act were enacted as urgent responses to reorganize and bolster the U.S. counterterrorism apparatus. Some of these authorities were intended to be temporary emergency measures.

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Over the past few days, Spain’s North African enclave of Ceuta has been thrust into the center of Europe’s migration debate after a sudden mass crossing from neighboring Morocco overwhelmed local authorities and forced Madrid to deploy military support to the border.

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