Microsoft did not build prefetch for forensic analysis. It built it to make Windows faster. Prefetch loads files the system expects the user to need next, so the later fetch is quicker. It has been part of Windows since XP and Server 2003, and it is on by default through Windows 11. On Server 2003, 2008, and 2012, application prefetch has to be turned on in the registry.

Each prefetch file holds metadata about an application: the last time it ran, where its files lived, how many times it ran, and the files it touched. That still matters after the program itself has been deleted. A browser or Word prefetch file can show the application was used even when the executable is gone.

Location of Prefetch Files

Prefetch files live in C:\Windows\Prefetch. On a Windows 10 system the directory looks like this.

The files that end in .pf are the prefetch files. The .db files are database files. Leave those for later. The Date modified column is usually the last time that application ran.

For example, if DEVICEPAIRINGWIZARD.EXE-*.pf (the Bluetooth pairing wizard) was last modified on 10/03/2026 and a suspect says they never used Bluetooth and did not know how, this file is the contradiction. That doesn’t mean they’re lying, of course, since somebody else could have used their computer.

Analyzing Windows Prefetch

Although we can get some basic information by simply viewing the prefetch files, we need to parse the file to get all the information it contains. There are numerous programs capable of parsing these files and all of them work pretty well, but Nirsoft’s free WinPrefetchView is about the easiest to use with a nice, intuitive GUI (most of the forensic suites such as EnCase, FTK, and Oxygen are also capable of prefetch parsing).

Simply download and install it, then run it. It will grab all the prefetch files and parse them like below.

We selected Autopsy. The upper pane gives the path to the executable, the number of times it ran, and the last run time. The lower pane lists every file the program used, with a path to each.

If we click on the “Last Run Time” tab to sort by time, we can recreate a timeline of events that took place on that system.

Disabling Prefetch

If the suspect were really digitally-savvy, they could disable prefetch. They could also disable, or stop, superfetch, which was introduced with Windows Vista and works similarly to prefetch except that it preloads applications based upon your usage patterns. To disable or stop it, go to Computer Management, select Services on the left, then double-click on Superfetch and choose the desired option. On Windows 10/11 it’s SysMain. 

Summary

Prefetch files can be useful in a forensic investigation in proving that the suspect actually used the application in question, even if the application has been removed from the system.

If you’re interested in digital forensics, we recommend our training on Anti-Forensics, where we show different ways users can cover their tracks and minimize their footprint.

The post Digital Forensics: Analyzing Windows Prefetch Files for Evidence first appeared on Hackers Arise.

Welcome back, aspiring cyberwarriors!

During red team engagements, we often have to deal with the logs that different operating systems store. Every action can leave behind digital evidence. That evidence is exactly what blue teams and digital forensics investigators rely on when reconstructing an attack.

Sometimes, however, a red team engagement is meant to simulate an adversary as realistically as possible. Hackers frequently attempt to hide what they did by erasing evidence of their activity or altering forensic artifacts to make investigations more difficult. If we want to accurately evaluate an organization’s ability to detect sophisticated intrusions, we also need to test how well it responds when an attacker attempts to remove those traces. There are different tools that exist that help reduce your footprint. For instance, HackShell, which we covered in one of our previous articles, makes Bash much stealthier, minimizing command history and improving OPSEC. 

But it does not help with removing all forensic traces that already exist throughout the operating system.

There is a different tool that focuses specifically on that task called Nyx.

What is Nyx

Nyx is a self-contained script for cleaning forensic traces on Linux, macOS, and Windows. The scripts walk through a predefined collection of forensic artifacts and remove or clean evidence that may have been generated during system usage.

Of course, no anti-forensics tool can guarantee that every trace of activity disappears. Modern enterprise environments often collect telemetry from many different sources including endpoint detection products, centralized log servers, network monitoring systems, cloud services, and backup solutions. Even if local artifacts are modified or deleted, evidence may still exist elsewhere. Nevertheless, Nyx has techniques that sophisticated hackers may attempt after achieving access to a system.

Below is only a portion of the Linux artifacts that Nyx targets. The complete list is considerably larger. Among the supported modules are shell history files, authentication logs, system logs, audit records, network-related artifacts, user activity, temporary files, and many other forensic traces that investigators commonly examine during an incident response investigation.

Since a significant portion of today’s infrastructure runs on Linux, the script includes modules that focus on the forensic artifacts generated by Linux servers and the services they host.

Windows typically runs less server infrastructure than Linux, so the list is somewhat shorter. Even so, Nyx still targets several important sources of forensic evidence, including Windows Event Logs, PowerShell history, registry-related security artifacts, and various other traces that investigators commonly analyze after a compromise.

Finally, macOS also receives attention with its own collection of supported forensic artifacts. Although the list is smaller than Linux, Nyx still includes modules designed to clean several sources of evidence that may reveal user or system activity.

Cleaning Forensic Evidence on Windows

Now we are ready to test the script and see how it works. There are several different ways you can execute it depending on your objective and your environment.

We will begin with Windows. Before actually cleaning anything, it is a good idea to start with -DryRun. This will show exactly what Nyx plans to clean without making any modifications to the system.

PS > wget https://raw.githubusercontent.com/evilsocket/nyx/refs/heads/main/nyx.ps1 -O nyx.ps1

PS > .\nyx.ps1 -DryRun

Although the output reports the items that would be cleaned, nothing has actually been removed. The dry run simply shows the actions that Nyx intends to perform. 

Let’s clean them now.

PS > .\nyx.ps1

At this point, Nyx begins processing its configured modules and attempts to remove the supported forensic artifacts from the local system.

The same thing can also be achieved through in-memory execution without writing the script to disk first. Running tools directly from memory is a common technique used by hackers because it reduces the number of files written to the filesystem. However, that does not automatically mean antivirus or endpoint detection products will ignore the activity. Modern security products monitor far more than just files stored on disk. They also observe process behavior, PowerShell activity, AMSI events, command-line arguments, parent-child process relationships, memory behavior, and many other indicators.

PS > iwr https://raw.githubusercontent.com/evilsocket/nyx/refs/heads/main/nyx.ps1 | iex

If needed, you can force execution without waiting for a confirmation prompt by adding the -Force flag. Useful when automating execution across multiple systems with PsExec.

Cleaning Forensic Evidence on Linux

Just as with Windows, it is often a good idea to begin by reviewing what the script intends to do before actually modifying the system.

If necessary, you can repeat the same process by listing the modules that will be used with the -n flag.

bash# > bash nyx.sh -n 

As you can see, it goes through multiple modules, including those related to IoT Smart Home devices, cryptocurrency artifacts, IDS and IPS logs, network traces, and many additional categories. This broad coverage also means that privacy-conscious users who want to remove unnecessary traces from their own systems may also find parts of the project useful, provided they understand what information is being deleted.

Summary

Instead of manually searching for dozens of log files, Nyx can speed up this process. It shows why centralized logging, endpoint monitoring and multiple layers of telemetry are so important. Even if a hacker succeeds in cleaning local artifacts, independent security systems may still preserve the evidence needed to detect and investigate the intrusion.

If you want to go deeper into how privacy can be preserved on real systems and how forensic traces are created and analyzed, our Anti-Forensics training is your next step. We covered advanced techniques for preserving your privacy and understanding what investigators can still see even when you think you have covered your tracks.

The post Anti-Forensics: Hiding Your Presence with Nyx first appeared on Hackers Arise.