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A few weeks ago we published the first in a new series of articles,Β Know Your Food. It was born out of the realisation that most people know surprisingly little about what they eat, and to apply a bit of Hackaday curiosity to received opinion on the subject. As we put it then: βTo know both how common foodstuffs should be made, as well as how they are made industrially, should be an essential for everyoneβ Weβll continue in that vein, with a look at organic food.
If you buy your food in a supermarket itβs likely that in the vegetable aisle youβll be presented with a choice. On one hand you will have the normal vegetable, and on the other and usually for a slightly higher price, the organic version of the same vegetable. Whatβs going on?
So What Is This Organic Stuff All About?
It is unlikely that a typical organic farm in the 2020s will resemble this John Constable painting. John Constable, Public domain.
Organic production is a system of agriculture that emphasises natural fertilisers, pesticides, and farming methods over synthetic or intensive ones. It has its roots in the first half of the 20th century, and as the decades progressed it has become an important sector of agricultural industry. I grew up steeped in organic agriculture because my grandfather was an early adherent in the years following the war, so Iβve seen it from the sharpest end. There is a lot to commend organic production for and plenty of reasons to embrace it, but with that come some problematic aspects, and even dubious claims. Here Iβll try to unpick some of that.
Itβs tempting to believe that all organic production is somehow a return to a 19th century rural idyl, complete with the obligatory chickens in the farmyard. Some organic producers do take a slice of this back-to-the-land approach to their craft, but the reality of organic farming is a very modern approach to managing the ecosystem. Organic farmers are not wary of progress, and neither are they reluctant to use pesticides or other chemicals. Instead they do so according to the principles of organic agriculture, so any techniques they use are designed to be beneficial to the ecosystem, and any chemicals have a natural origin.
If you spend time around organic agriculture, you become a manure expert. Ray Bird, CC BY-SA 2.0.
An important thing to understand is that the line between organic and non-organic agriculture is not sharply drawn. Crop rotation for example is long established farming practice, as are techniques such as contour ploughing in areas with soil erosion. As for fertiliser, there will be very few farming operations whose work does not include manure in some form, or who do not take advantage of nitrogen fixing crops. Pesticides such as the insecticide pyrethrum β originally derived from chrysanthemum root β or Bordeaux Mixture as a fungicide β a solution containing copper ions, so called because of its origin in French vineyards who applied lime solutions from copper containers β find uses where applicable in both organic and conventional agriculture. The important distinction lies in the organic farmers not going further than this, into synthetic amonium nitrate fertiliser for example, or glyphosate herbicide, which you might know as Roundup.
Thatβs the organic sales pitch, and itβs a compelling one. Now, weβll go through the not so positive aspects, both of the movement and of the business.
Organic status is not simply conferred to produce by virtue of being organically grown. Instead itβs a legally protected designation, enforced through a system of certification performed by designated organisations. Where I grew up in the UK for example, organic certification is performed by the Soil Association. This is good because it preserves trust in organic status, but it suffers the flaw that itβs a profitable business for the certifier, and an expensive one for the producer. This in turn favours larger producers who can afford certification, and leaves the smaller producer unable to afford certification and thus unable to label their produce as organic. They can describe it as βOrganically grownβ of course, but they lose the cachet of the organic label. Since many small producers are by necessity organic, this affects a large number of producers if not a significant sector of the market.
Is Organic Food Really Better?
Then there is the produce itself. Is it better than the non-organic stuff? Here we enter complex territory, because the answer differs depending upon the circumstances.
In terms of what advertising people like to call βgoodnessβ, by which I mean nutrients, vitamins and minerals, and the like, in many cases itβs difficult to make a case for the organic product being superior to the non organic one. There will be exceptions such as apples, where a typical non-organic commercial dessert apple is overwatered to the point of diluting the beneficial properties it might have in search of the elusive βcrunchβ. But in the more ordinary case, that organic zucchini is unlikely to have more nutritional value than its non organic equivalent. Itβs important to note that the organic product will lack any pesticide residues which may be present on its non organic equivalent, however it must be remembered that pesticide residue levels in food are subject to their own stringent regulation.
If youβre looking for the best organic food, seek out places with signs like this. Stanley Howe, CC BY-SA 2.0.
In terms of flavour, yet again itβs a mixed bag. An organic product grown in as intensive a manner as can be got away with under the rules, is not likely to taste better than the equivalent. Itβs difficult even to pin down what in the husbandry governs the flavour of the finished product in a scientific sense, however as someone who grew up around organic production Iβd offer the view that the longer something took to produce, the better its flavour is likely to be.
The Slow Food movement champions products made in this way, usually traditionally produced foods, heritage varieties, and foods with a particular terroir. If youβre looking for better tasting food then you may not find it with a supermarket organic label, but itβs quite likely that one of those small organic producers will have what you are looking for, simply because their methods are less intensive.
Finally, if youβre looking at the benefit to the environment, itβs likely that in most cases the organic product will impose less stress on the ecosystem and the wider environment than its non organic equivalent. If thatβs your concern you should also look further than the means of production and into food miles; how far did the food in front of you travel to your plate? Here in Europe the strawberry is in season from around May to September, so does it make sense to fly them from the other side of the world in January, however nice they taste?
So now I hope you have more of an idea about organic food than you did at the start of this piece. Youβll know something about its benefits and problems, and youβll know when itβs better than its non-organic equivalent. I hope youβll find the food you like, and if you do, I hope itβs from a small producer, they need your business. Bon appetit!